Biosensor

Biosensor

2024-01-24

A biosensor is an analytical device for detecting chemical substance that combines the biological element and the physical element detector.

It consists of 3 parts:

  • Biological sensitive element (biological material (e.g. tissues, microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc.), a biologically derived or biomimic substance) where sensitive elements can be created by bioengineering.
  • A transducer or detector element (acting in a physical manner; piezoelectric, optical, electrochemical, etc.) that converts the signals resulting from the reaction of the substitution with the biological element into another indicator (i.e., transducers) so that it becomes easier to measure and regulate .
  • Coupled electrons or signal processors are primarily responsible for displaying the results in a user-friendly manner. This is sometimes the most important part of the sensor, however it is possible to generate a friendly user. Contains transducers and sensitive elements (see sensor holography).

A common example of a commercial biosensor is a blood sugar biosensor, which uses glucose oxidase to continually break down blood sugar. Thus, glucose is oxidized first, then two electrons are used to reduce FAD (one of the components of the enzyme) until it becomes FADH2. At this stage, oxidation takes place by the electrode (accepting two electrons from the electrode) in several steps. It results in an amount of concentrated glucose, and in this case, the electrolyte and the enzyme are the biological active elements.

Recently many different detector particle systems have been implemented in so-called electronic nose devices, where the response pattern of the detectors is used to fingerprint the material. [Citation needed]. In a wasp scent detector, the mechanical element is a video camera and the biological element is five parasitic wasps that have been conditioned to swarm in response to the presence of a certain chemical.[2] Although current electronic noses are commercial, they do not use biological elements.

The household canary, which miners use to warn of gas, can be viewed as a biosensor. Many biosensor applications today are similar. Since they use organisms that respond to toxic substances at concentrations lower than the warnings that humans can sense, these devices can be used for environmental monitoring, tracking and gas detection in water treatment facilities.

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